When we think of an independent country, we often picture flags, leaders, national anthems, and soldiers in uniform. Military forces are so common worldwide that it may seem impossible for a nation to function without one. Yet, several sovereign states have chosen to exist without an army and are doing just fine.
So, how do these countries manage their security? What motivates a nation to disband or never establish a military in the first place? Let’s explore ten countries that are living proof that peace and sovereignty do not always require an army.
Why Would a Country Have No Military?
There are various reasons why a country might operate without a standing army. Some have made a conscious choice to invest in peace, redirecting military budgets towards education, healthcare, or infrastructure. Others rely on diplomatic neutrality, regional partnerships, or defence agreements with neighbouring countries.
Some of these decisions stem from historical events like war, colonisation, or political upheaval. For others, it’s a cultural or philosophical stance that prioritises peace and non-violence. Whatever the reason, these countries have found viable alternatives to maintaining their independence and security.
Ten Countries That Prove It’s Possible
1. Costa Rica
Costa Rica famously abolished its military in 1948 following a civil war. Since then, the country has become a beacon of peace and stability in Central America. The government reinvested former military funds into education and healthcare, leading to one of the highest literacy rates and life expectancies in the region. Security is maintained by a national police force.
2. Iceland
Iceland has no standing army but is a member of NATO, which provides defence support if needed. The country maintains a small peacekeeping force, a coast guard, and civilian security services. Iceland’s strategic alliances and low crime rate make it one of the safest countries in the world.
3. Liechtenstein
This tiny European principality abolished its army in 1868 after the Austro-Prussian War, citing cost concerns. Liechtenstein maintains a strong economy and political stability, relying on Switzerland for informal defence support if necessary. Its low crime rate and peaceful stance make an army largely unnecessary.
4. Panama
Panama disbanded its military in 1990 after a United States intervention ousted dictator Manuel Noriega. Today, public security is handled by police and border patrol units. The country has experienced relative peace since the military was disbanded, and its constitution forbids the creation of a standing army.
5. Vatican City
The world’s smallest independent state, Vatican City does not have a military. Its protection is provided by the Swiss Guard, a small ceremonial force made up of Swiss nationals, and by the Italian police. As the spiritual headquarters of the Catholic Church, the Vatican prioritises religious and diplomatic channels for its security.
6. Monaco
Monaco, a tiny sovereign city-state on the French Riviera, does not have its own army. Defence responsibilities fall to France under a bilateral agreement. Monaco maintains a small police force and ceremonial guards for internal affairs and public order.
7. Grenada
After the US-led invasion in 1983, Grenada disbanded its army. Since then, the Caribbean nation has relied on the Regional Security System (RSS), a collective security arrangement with other Eastern Caribbean states. Local policing and civil security are managed domestically.
8. Andorra
Nestled between France and Spain, Andorra is one of Europe’s smallest countries. It maintains a very small ceremonial force but relies on its larger neighbours for defence. Its strategic neutrality and strong international ties have helped it maintain peace and security.
9. Solomon Islands
The Solomon Islands, located in the South Pacific, does not have a military. The country relies on police and support from regional partners, particularly Australia and New Zealand, for national security and disaster response.
10. San Marino
One of the world’s oldest republics, San Marino maintains a small ceremonial force but relies on Italy for defence under an informal arrangement. Its peaceful policies and diplomatic relations have kept it secure for centuries.
Can Peaceful Nations Stay Secure?
One might assume that a lack of military leaves a nation vulnerable, but these examples show that peace is maintained through other means. International treaties, regional alliances, and robust diplomatic strategies provide a strong foundation for security. In many cases, the absence of a military is not a weakness but a strategic choice rooted in historical lessons and a commitment to peace.
What Can We Learn From These Countries?
These nations demonstrate that alternatives to militarisation do exist. Redirecting military budgets to social development can improve the quality of life for citizens. Emphasising diplomacy, neutrality, and regional cooperation offers a different path to national security.
Of course, not every country can adopt this model. Geography, political climate, and historical context all play a role. However, these examples challenge the notion that a strong military is the only path to safety and sovereignty.
From the tropical landscapes of Costa Rica to the mountain valleys of Liechtenstein, these ten countries prove that it is indeed possible to live without a military. Whether through strategic partnerships, historical choices, or philosophical commitments to peace, they offer a compelling case for rethinking the role of armed forces in our world.
Did this article surprise you? Share it with others who might find it enlightening. What are your thoughts on military-free nations? Could more countries follow this path? Join the conversation in the comments below and explore our related articles on diplomacy, peace, and global security.